English

PARTS of SPEECH__ NOUN** - a person, place, thing, or idea common - girl, language, school proper - Sara, French, HMS
 * __​6th Grade

personal relative interrogative indefinite demonstrative reflexive intensvie
 * PRONOUN**- a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns

common - black, smooth, thin proper - Chinese, Venetian, demonstrative - this, that, these, those
 * ADJECTIVE** - used to modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun and answers the questions what kind, which one, how many or how much

action (mental or physical)- run, snap, jump linking (has a PN or a PA)- is, remain, smell helping (helps the main verb)- be, am,
 * VERB** - shows action or links the subject to a word in the predicate

extent, and how much
 * ADVERB** - modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs and answers the questions where, when, how, how often, how long, to what

coordinating - and, but, for, or nor, so, yet correlative - neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, both...and, whether....or
 * CONJUNCTION** - joins words, phrases, and clauses together


 * INTERJECTION** - shows a strong emotion

__**KINDS of SENTENCES**__ declarative -makes a statement and ends with a period imperative - gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period or sometimes and exclamation point interrogative - asks a question and ends with a period exclamatory - shows excitement or expresses and strong emotion and ends with an exclamtion point

 A NOUN is a word or word group that is used to name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea EXAMPLES
 * __7th Grade__**
 * Persons** teacher, chef, Dr. James
 * Places** Grand Canyon, city, Canada, kitchen
 * Things** lamp, granite, Nobel Prize, Golden Gate Bridge
 * Ideas** happiness, self-control, liberty, bravery, democracy

A PRONOUN is a word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. A **//personal pronoun//** refers to the one speaking (//first person//), the one spoken to (//second person//), or the one spoken about (//third person//). A **//reflexive pronoun//** refers to the subject and is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. A **//demonstrative pronoun//** points out a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. An **//interrogative pronoun//** introduces a question. An **//indefinite pronoun//** refers to a person, a place, a thing, or an idea that may or may not be specifically named. A **//relative pronoun//** introduces a subordinate clause. An **//ADJECTIVE//** is a word that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. To //modify// a word means to describe the word or to make its meaning more definite. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling //what kind, which one, how much//, or //how many//.
 * **Personal Pronouns** ||
 * || Singular || Plural ||
 * First Person || I, me, my, mine || we, us, our, ours ||
 * Second Person || you, your, yours || you, your, yours ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Third Person || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">they, them, their, theirs ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**Reflexive Pronouns** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">First Person || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">myself, ourselves ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Second Person || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">yourself, yourselves ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Third Person || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">himself, herself, itself, themselves ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**Demonstrative Pronouns** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">this || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">that || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">these || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">those ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**Interrogative Pronouns** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">what || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">which || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">who || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">whom || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">whose ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**Common Indefinite Pronouns** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">all || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">each || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">many || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">nobody || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">other ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">any || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">either || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">more || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">none || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">several ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">anyone || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">everything || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">most || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">no one || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">some ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">both || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">few || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">much || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">one || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">somebody ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**Common Relative Pronouns** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">that || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">which || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">who || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">whom || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">whose ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**What Kind?** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**Which One or Ones?** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**How Much or How Many?** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**Korean** children || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**seventh** grade || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**several** days ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**busy** dentist || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**these** countries || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**five** dollars ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**braided** hair || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**any** book || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">**no** marbles ||

A //__VERB__// is a word that expresses action or a state of being. EXAMPLES We **celebrated** the Chinese New Year yesterday. The holiday **is** usually in February. A verb that expresses either physical or mental activity. EXAMPLES The owls **hooted** all night. [physical action] Gloria **plays** volleyball. [physical action] She **thought** about the problem. [mental action] I **believe** you. [mental action] A verb that expresses a state of being. A //__linking verb__// connects, or links, the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. EXAMPLES Denzel Washington **is** an actor. [The verb //is// connects //actor// with the subject //Denzel Washington//.] The children **remained** quiet. [The verb //remained// links //quiet// with the subject //children//.] A **//helping verb//** //(auxiliary verb//) helps the main verb express action or a state of being. A **//verb phrase//** contains one main verb and one or more helping verbs. An **//ADVERB//** is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs answer the following questions: How much? || EXAMPLES The sprinter ran **swiftly**. [The adverb //swiftly// modifies the verb //ran// and tells //how//.] I read the funny pages **early** on Sunday morning. [The adverb //early// modifies the verb //read// and tells //when//.] Jolene was comforting a **very** small child. [The adverb //very// modifies the adjective //small// and tells //to what extent//.] A **//PREPOSITION//** is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. The cat walked **through** the door. The cat walked **toward** the door. The cat walked **past** the door. A **//CONJUNCTION//** is a word that joins words or word groups. - join words or word groups that are used in the same way
 * Action Verbs**
 * Linking Verbs**
 * Helping Verbs and Main Verbs**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">** Where? ** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">** How often? or How long? ** ||
 * When? || To what extent? or
 * How? ||^  ||
 * Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">** Coordinating Conjunctions ** ||
 * for || and || nor || but || or || yet || so ||

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> An **//INTERJECTION//**is a word that expresses emotion.

A COMPLEMENT is a word or word group that completes the meaning of a verb A **DIRECT OBJECT** is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells //who// or //what// receives the action of the verb. A direct object answers the question //Whom//? or //What//? after a transitive verb. EXAMPLES I met **Dr. Mason.** [I met //whom//? I met //Dr. Mason//. //Dr. Mason// receives the action of the verb //met//.] Did Bill hit a **home run**? [Bill did hit //what//? Bill did hit a //home run. Home run// receives the action of the verb //hit//.] An **//INDIRECT OBJECT//** is a noun, pronoun, or word group that sometimes appears in sentences containing direct objects Indirect objects tell //to whom// or //to what//, or //for whom// or //for what//, the action of the verb is done. EXAMPLE The waiter gave **her** the bill. [The pronoun //her// is the indirect object of the verb //gave//. It answers the question “To whom did the waiter give the bill?”] A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT is connected to the subject by a linking verb. There are two kinds of subject complements— // predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives //

A **PREDICATE NOMINATIVE** may be a noun, a pronoun, or a word group that functions as a noun. A predicate nominative is connected to its subject by a linking verb. EXAMPLE A dictionary is a valuable **tool. [//Tool is a predicate//** nominative that identifies the subject //dictionary.]// A **//PREDICATE ADJECTIVE//** is an adjective that is in the predicate and that describes the subject. A predicate adjective is connected to the subject by a linking verb. EXAMPLE Cold milk tastes **good** on a hot day**. [//Good//** is a predicate adjective that describes the subject //milk.]//
 * A //predicate nominative is a word or word group in// the predicate that identifies the subject. **

 A **//simple sentence//** has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.  A simple sentence may have a compound subject, a compound verb, or both.  Although a compound subject has two or more parts, it is still considered a single subject. In the same way, a compound verb or verb phrase is considered one verb. EXAMPLES My **mother belongs** to the Friends of the Library. [single subject and single verb]  A **//compound sentence//** consists of two or more independent clauses, usually joined by a comma and a connecting word.  In a compound sentence, a coordinating conjunction (//and, but, for, nor, or, so//, or //yet//) generally connects the independent clauses.  A comma usually comes before the conjunction in a compound sentence. EXAMPLES I forgot my lunch**, but** Dad ran to the bus with it. She likes sweets**, yet** she seldom buys them.
 * // SIMPLE SENTENCES //**
 * S V**
 * // COMPOUND SENTENCES //**

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">A **//PHRASE//** is a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject A **//PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE//** includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object. EXAMPLES under the umbrella for ourselves among good friends next to them EXAMPLES Linh Phan has the lead in the school **play.** [The noun //play// is the object of the preposition //in//.] A prepositional phrase used as an adjective is called an **//adjective phrase//**//.// ADJECTIVE Rosa chose the **blue** one. ADJECTIVE PHRASE Rosa chose the one **with blue stripes.** An **//ADJECTIVE PHRASE//** modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective phrases generally come after the words they modify and answer the same questions that single-word adjectives answer. EXAMPLES: The store **with the neon sign** is open. [The prepositional phrase //with the neon sign// is used as an adjective modifying the noun //store//. The phrase answers the question //Which one?]// A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is called an **//adverb phrase//.** ADVERB The cavalry will reach the fort **soon.** ADVERB PHRASE The cavalry will reach the fort **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">by noon. **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> An **//ADVERB PHRASE//** modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb phrases answer the same questions that single-word adverbs answer: //When? Where? How? Why? How often? How long? To what extent?// EXAMPLES: We got a new puppy **at the animal shelter**. [The adverb phrase //at the animal shelter// modifies the verb //got//, telling //where//.] When an independent clause stand alone it is called a sentence; usually, the term independent clause is used only when such a clause is joined with another clause
 * //__<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The CLAUSE __//**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> – a word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as a part of sentence
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">INDEPENDENT __Clause__ **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> – expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence

o <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Words such as because, if, since, that, until, which, and whom signal that the clauses following them may be subordinate o <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">A subordinate clause must be joined with at least one independent clause to make a sentence and express a complete thought o <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Subordinate clauses may appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence My mother drove me to school. **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> (This entire sentence is an independent clause) Since I missed the bus, **my mother drove me to school**. (This sentence contains on subordinate clause and one independent clause) SUBORDINATE CLAUSE **//if//** the dress is too long
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">SUBORDINATE __Clause__ **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> – does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">EXAMPLES
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">My mother drove me to school **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, but **my brother rode his bike**. (This sentence contains two independent clauses)
 * //that//** the doctor recommended

__**8th Grade**__ Parts of Speech Simple Sentence Thesis Statement -- what it is and where it belongs in an essay How to write a complete paragraph with details (further explanations) Prepositional Phrases -adjective and adverb --- in light of reading reflection journals, several students have expressed that this section was review and that they learned it last year, so I figured I'd put it on the list